...
Now, as in the past, the most significant controversy centers on the question of whether dreams
have intentional, or actual personal, meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain that while the
neurological impulses from the brain stem may activate the dreaming process, the content or
meaningful representations in dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes, desires, and
everyday concerns of the dreamer. Thus, such psychotherapists subscribe to the
phenomenological-clinical, or "top-down," explanation, which holds that dreams are intentionally
meaningful messages from the unconscious. The neurological, or "bottom-up," explanation
maintains that dreams have no intentional meaning. ... Content analysis simply describes and classifies the various
representations in dreams, such as people, houses, cars, trees, animals, and color, though no
deep interpretation is attributed to the content. Differences in content have been discovered
between the dreams of males and females, and between dreams and occurring in different
developmental stages of life.
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