Introduction
The following paper attempts to describe some of the most important events that occurred during James II and William III and Mary-Hanover´s reign (1685-1702) Not only will we deal with important religious revolutions and their consequences over England ruling powers but also the social and cultural changes of the period.
Development
James II Stuart (1685-1688)
James II was born in 1633. ...
James first married Anne, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon who followed a protestant line. From all their children only Mary and Anne survived. After his wife´s death, he married again with Mary of Modena and converted to Catholicism in the early 1670´s. ...
Both Monmouth and Argyll were defeated because James had a strong supportive Parliament. ... It was under this Act that James had to give up on his office as Lord High Admiral.
In 1685, James prorogued Parliament because they had refused to repeal the Act. ...
In 1687, James introduced the Declaration of Indulgence. ...
In 1688, James forced all the Anglican clergy to read the Declaration in their churches but he faced great opposition. As concequence seven bishops were sent to the tower and James attempted to overthrow the Church of England.
To make matters worse, his second wife Mary of Modena gave birth to a baby boy. ... Since Mary, James´ daughter, had married William of Orange, the “Immortal Seven” politicians invited him to England to protect his wife´s right to the throne.
William arrived in November 1688. The so-called “Glorious Revolution” resulted on the removal of James and the accession of William and Mary as joint monarchs. ...
After being defeated, James fled to France, but in May 1689 he tried to recover his reign rising an Irish army. ... Finally, James escaped to France once more dying in exile in 1701.
William III and Mary-Hanover (1688-1702)
William of Orange was the son of princess Mary, Charles I´s daughter. He married his cousin Mary, James II´s daughter, who was brought up as protestant. After James abdication to the throne (1689), the Convention of Parliament offered William and Mary the kingdom of England.
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