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Airspace – the space above a state that is considered its territory, in contrast to outer spce, which is considered international territory Alliance cohesion – the ease with which the members hold together in an alliance; it tends to be high when national interests converge and when cooperation among allies becomes institutionalized Anarchy – in IR theory, the term implies not complete chaos but the lack of central government that can enforce rules Antiballistic Missile Treaty- prohibited either the US or the Soviet Union from using ballistic missile defence as a shield, which would have undermined mutually assured destruction and the basis of deterrence. Arms Race – a reciprocal process in which two states build up military capabilities in response to each other Authoritarian – government that rules without the need to stand for free elections, respect civil and political rights, allow freedom of the press, and so forth Balance of Power – concept of one or more states power being used to balance that of another state or group of states Ballistic Missiles – the major strategic delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons; carry the warhead along a trajectory and let it drop on the target Bargaining – tacit or direct communication that is used in an attempt to reach agreement on an exchange of value Biological Weapons Convention – it prohibits the development, production, and possession of biological weapons, but makes no provision for inspection Burden Sharing – the distribution of the costs of an alliance among members; the term also refers to the conflicts that may arise over such distribution Chain of Command – hierarchy of officials through which stats control military forces Civil War – war between factions within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire stats of some territory Cold War – hostile relations punctuated by occasional periods of improvement, or detente between the two superpowers, US and USSR Collective Goods Problem – tangible or intangible good, created by the members of a group, that is available to all group members regardless of their individual contributions Collective Security – formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor Commonwealth of Independent States – loose coordinating structure linking formor republics of the USSR Compellence – use of force to make another actor take some action Conflict – a difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation Conflict Resolution – development and implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts Constructivism – movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms help shape the content of state interests and the character of international institutions Containment – policy adopted in the late 1940’s by which the US sought to halt the global expansion of the Soviet influence on several levels – military, political, ideological, and economic Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) – US-Soviet agreement that provided for asymmetrical reductions in Soviet forces in Europe and limited those of both sides Cost Benefit Analysis – calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring Counterinsurgency – effort to combat guerrilla armies, often including programs to “win the hearts and minds” of rural populations so that they stop sheltering the enemy Coup – seizure of political power by domestic military forces Cruise Missile – small singed missile that can navigate across thoudsands of miles of previously mapped terrain Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – superpower crisis, sparked by the Soviet Union’s installation of medium-ranged nuclear missiles in Cuba Democracy – government of “the people,” usually through elected representatives, and usually with respect for individual rights in society Democratic Peace – proposition, strongly supported by empirical evidence, that democracies almost never fight wars against eat other Detterence – threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action Economic Conversion – use of former military facilities and industries for new civilian production Electronic Warfare – use of electromagnetic spectrum in war, such as employing electromagnetic signals for one’s own benefit while denying their use to the enemy Ethnic Cleansing – forced displacement of an ethnic group or groups of a particular territory Ethnic Groups – large group sof people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties Ethnocentrism – tendency to see one’s own group in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms Fissionable Material – elements of uranium-235 and plutonium, whose atoms split apart and release energy via a chain reaction Government Bargaining Model – sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from am bargaining process among various government agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in the outcome Groupthink – tendency of groups to validate wrong decisions by becoming overconfident and underestimating risks Hegemonic Stability Theory – argument that regimes are most effective when power in the international system is most concentrated Hegemony – holding by one stats of the preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international and political economic relations are conducted Idealism – approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations Industrialization – use of fossil-fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it Infantry – foot soldiers who use assault rifles and other light weapons Information Screens – subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) – longest range ballistic missiles, able to travel 5000 miles Interest Groups – coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcomes of some political issue and who organize themselves to try and influence the outcome Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO) – organization whose members are state governments Internaitonal Regime – set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area Iran Contra Scandal – episode in which the Reagan administration secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the freedom of hostages held in Lebanon, and then used the Iranian payments to illegally fund Nicaraguan Contra rebels Irredentism – form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state Islam, Muslims – broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni, Muslims, Shiite, and range from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the middle East Lateral Pressure Theory – holds that the economic and population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their orders League of Nations – established after WWI, achieved certain humanitarian and other successes but was weakened by the lack of US membership and by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security Liberal Feminism – stand of feminism that emphasizes gender equality and views of the “essential” differences in men’s and women’s abilities or perspectives as trivial or nonexistent Liberalism – approach that generally shares the assumption of anarchy but does not see this condition as precluding extensive cooperation to realize common games from economic exchanges.

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