NEW LIBERALISM
... In the first chapter of the study the historical roots of new liberalism is examined starting from emergence of liberal thought. ... After this explanation, comparison between classical liberalism and new liberalism is made. ... HISTORICAL ROOTS OF NEW LIBERALISM During the middle ages communalism was dominated and many aspects of life regulated by communal bodies such as agriculture by the village courts industry by the craft guilds commerce by merchant guilds at home and so on. ... Liberalism originated as a reaction to this state of affairs. ... The second tradition was rooted in the philophy of Descartes and Rousseaus social contract theory and gradually developed into the antithesis of liberalism. ... So, Locke can be considered as the defencive of anti- rationalist liberalism. ... He is an important theoretician of classical economics which can be explained as a reflection of liberalism on the economical theory. ... Because of these reasons the idea “Laissez faire-Laissez passer” (bırakınız yapsınlar, bırakınız geçsinler) constituted the basic slogan of liberalism. ... Within the framework of ideas developed by liberal thinkers, as summarized above, we can put forward some basic features of liberal thought which will be useful for determining differences between liberal thought and the new liberalism in the following parts of the study. The heart of the liberalism can be determined as humanism which consider individualism. ... The most important feature of liberalism is “freedom”. ... After a while, classical liberalism was criticized by neo-classical economists who recommended the interference of state for the achieving prosperity. ... Keynes considering the outcomes of crisis criticized classical liberalism and proposed the active role of government in economical affairs. ... Especially, starting from the beginnings of 1970s, a new thought, neo-liberalism or new- liberalism, leaned its ideas on the basic features of classical liberalism emerged as a counter argument of Keynesian understanding of political, economical and social spheres. ... NEW LIBERALISM In the 1980s, a change was perceived in the sytle, programmes and policies of many politicians in the liberal democracies, represented by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States. ... After this explanation, comparison between classical liberalism and new liberalism is made. ... After the explanations of different traditions main ideas related to the new liberalism, when we look at with the birds-eye view we can see some similarities and contradictions within their approaches. ... When we compare classical liberalism and new liberalism it can be said that there are some differences between them. We can say that new liberalism s roots depends on the basic features of classical liberalism. In the classical liberalism, the most important thought was liberty as in the new liberalism. ... This idea is not only contratictory in itself but also, contains contradiction with the classical liberalism. As we mentioned before, classical liberalism can be determined as humanism which consider individualism. New liberalism also considers individualism. But the new liberalism does not trust politicians, bureaucrats and interest groups because they caused the overgovernment. ... It can be said that the main goal of new liberalism was not to develop democracy, but to improve capitalism. ... The impact on the academic world highlights one of the chief characteristics of the new liberalism. ... For this reason it can be said that the new liberalism is not reflected in party political organization.